回复：【王府英语】英语词汇、短语、句型、语法及历年高考真题解释

【语法解释】虚拟语气(6/6)
8．表示“要求、建议、命令”等的动词demand，require，suggest，insist，advise，order等后接宾语从句时，从句中谓语动词一般应用虚拟语气，即should+动词原形（do / be done），should也可省略。例如：
He insisted that John (should) do the job.
We suggested that the meeting (should) not be postponed.
The union demanded that the wages (should) be raised by 20%.
常用的这类动词是：
ask（要求），advise（劝告），command（命令），decide（决定），demand（要求），insist（坚持），move（提仪），order（命令），propose（提仪），require（要求），request（请求），suggest（建议），urge（主张）
如果这些动词不是表示“要求、建议、命令”等意思时，这时宾语从句则一般不用虚拟语气。例如：
He insisted that I was wrong. (这儿insist意思是“坚持认为”)
The expression on her face suggests that she knows the secret. (这儿suggest意思是“表明”)
【注】全文摘自《人教版教材•英语10选修•教师教学用书》

【语法解释】状语从句（1/8）
1）时间状语从句：表示时间关系。
连接词：when，while，as, as soon as，before，after，since，till/until，the moment，once，whenever，no sooner…than， hardly…when
When we lived in town we often went to the theatre.
The cyclist started just as the lights changed to green.
引导时间状语从句的the moment，意思相当于as soon as。如：
I’ll tell you about it the moment you arrive.
如果把no sooner，hardly置于句首时，就要用倒装结构。如：
Hardly had they entered the room when the phone rang.
比较：They had hardly entered the room when the phone rang.
【注】全文摘自《人教版教材•英语11选修•教师教学用书》和《大学英语语法》（华东理工大学出版社 主编：徐广联）

【语法解释】状语从句（2/8）
2)地点状语从句：表示空间关系。
连接词：where，wherever
At last I found the magazines where I left them.
Wherever he happens to be, John can make himself at home.
3)原因状语从句：表示原因或理由。
连接词：because，as，since，now (that)，seeing (that)，considering (that)，in that
引导这类从句的三个最常用的连词是because，since，as，其中because表示“原因”的意义最强，since次之，as又次之。如：
I couldn’t feel angry with him because I liked him too much.
We didn’t know that she had been married, since she seldom talked about herself.
As Celia had gone to school, it seemed a good time for Mary to invite her sister to stay.
【注】全文摘自《人教版教材•英语11选修•教师教学用书》和《大学英语语法》（华东理工大学出版社 主编：徐广联）

【语法解释】状语从句（3/8）
4)条件状语从句：表示前提或条件。
连接词：if，unless，as/so long as，on condition that，provided/providing that，suppose，as/so far as，in case
unless相当于if…not；as/so long as，on condition that，provide/providing that相当于only if。如：
She won’t be able to lose weight unless she keeps a diet and takes exercise every day.
I will lend you the book on condition that you return it to me before Friday.
We shall succeed as(/so) long as we try our best. 只要我们尽到最大努力，就会成功。
He is not scholar at all as(/so) far as I know. 就我所知，他算不上什么学者。
非真实条件句表示的条件与事实相反或不太可能实现的事情。如：
If I were you, I wouldn’t take his offer.
If he had realized that, he would have run away while there was still time.
【注】全文摘自《人教版教材•英语11选修•教师教学用书》和《大学英语语法》（华东理工大学出版社 主编：徐广联）

【语法解释】状语从句（4/8）
5) 让步状语从句：表示在某种相反的条件下，主句的情况却依然出现。
连接词：though，although，even if/though，as，no matter (what/when/who…)，however，whether
though / although是最常用的，一般可互换使用，even if / even though用以强调让步概念。如：
Although the traffic held us up, we got to the airport on time.
I forget my appointment even though my secretary reminded me.
as或though引导的让步状语从句部分一般用倒装结构。如：
Small as these stars appear, they are really very huge bodies.
Child though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
whatever/wherever/however…与no matter what/when/who…意思差不多。如：
Whenever it rains, this underpass is flooded.
It’s true, no matter what you may say.
【注】全文摘自《人教版教材•英语11选修•教师教学用书》和《大学英语语法》（华东理工大学出版社 主编：徐广联）

【语法解释】状语从句（5/8）
6) 方式状语从句：表示动作的方式。
连接词：as，as if/，the way
as引导方式状语从句，意思是“如同，就象”。如：
Please do exactly as your doctor advises.
as if，as though意思相同，有时在从句中会用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。如：
It looks as if it might snow / is going to snow.
He speaks English as though he were an Englishman.
也可用like，the way等来引导方式状语从句。如：
Jean does not do it the way I do.
Wood does not contract like steel does.
【注】全文摘自《人教版教材•英语11选修•教师教学用书》和《大学英语语法》（华东理工大学出版社 主编：徐广联）

【语法解释】状语从句（6/8）
7)目的状语从句：表示行为的目的。
连接词：that，so that，in order that，lest，for fear that，in case
so that最常用，有时可简化为so或that，in order that比较正式。in case，for fear that表示“以防，免得”，在从句中可用“should+原形动词”。如：
We eat so that we may live, but some people seem to live in order that they may eat.
She took John’s address with her, in case she should have time to see him when she was in London.
【注】全文摘自《人教版教材•英语11选修•教师教学用书》和《大学英语语法》（华东理工大学出版社 主编：徐广联）

【语法解释】状语从句（7/8）
8) 结果状语从句：表示事态的结果。
连接词：so that，so…that，such…that
由“so+形容词或副词+that”或“such+(a/an)名词+that”的结构表示结果。如：
The professor speaks so fast that we find it difficult to follow him.
It was such a clear statement that it couldn’t be misunderstood. /The statement was so clear that it couldn’t be misunderstood.
由so that/that引导结果状语从句。如：
All necessary measures have been taken, so that we expect to succeed.
What have I done that he should be angry with me?
【注】全文摘自《人教版教材•英语11选修•教师教学用书》和《大学英语语法》（华东理工大学出版社 主编：徐广联）

After、Before 和 Since引导非谓语动词短语时起介词作用（1/10）
（2008年12月）
许多语法书中都提到了一些连词(如when、while、though、once、if、unless等)后可跟现在分词短语或过去分词短语来代替相应连词引导的状语从句。有些语法书把after、before 和since也列入其中，让人误以为这三个词后也可跟过去分词短语。特别是<<英语周报>> 人教修订综合版高二第5期<<Unit4同步评估>>第29题和第10期<<高二英语上学期期中综合能力评估试题(A卷)>>第26题都给出了after后接过去分词短语的答案（见本文附录），这更误导了老师和同学，以为这是新的语法现象。为此本人特地请教了来自英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚和爱尔兰等国的外籍人士，他们都非常肯定地指出after、before 和 since后不可接过去分词。个别语法书中也明确指出当after、before 和 since引导非谓语动词短语时, 这三个词为介词，其后只能接动名词，不可接过去分词。请看例句：

After、Before 和 Since引导非谓语动词短语时起介词作用（2/10）
Since being dismissed from his job, he has not obtained employment. (being不可省略)
自从被解雇后, 他还没有获得新的聘用。
I was told that the party had been cancelled before being invited. (being不可省略)
我还没有接到邀请就获知该聚会已被取消。
The man called the police after being robbed. (being不可省略) 那人遭抢劫后给警方打了电话。
He killed a child before being arrested. (being不可省略) 他在被捕前杀死了一个孩子。
After being told that her mother was seriously ill, she hurried back to England. (being不可省略)
她得知母亲病危后连忙回到英国。
After being arrested, the man confessed that he had stolen the money. (being不可省略)
被捕后，这名男子承认偷了钱。
Before being called, remain where you are. (being不可省略) 叫你之前, 呆在原地不动。

After、Before 和 Since引导非谓语动词短语时起介词作用（3/10）
请做下题：
1. Articles used by patients must be disinfected before______others. (答案为B)
A. using by B. being used by C. used by D. having been used by
译文：病人用过的物品必须经过消毒后才能被其他人使用。
2. Before_____to the college, he had to go through an examination. (答案为C)
A. admitting B. admitted C. being admitted D. having been admitted
译文：在被该大学录取前他还得通过一项考试。

【2011贵州安顺】20. The new kind of car is _____ dear, I don’t have _____ money.
A. too much; much too B. much too; too much
C. too much; too much D. much too; much too
答案：B
【解析】词义辨析。Too much 后面接不可数名词；much too接形容词或副词；根据句意，dear意为“昂贵的”是形容词，money是不可数名词。