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In order to learn or reconstruct a style of archery of any culture, it is important to identify and choose a certain style or school. The Manchus ruled the Qing dynasty but that does not mean that all archery practiced in China during this period was Manchu archery. Also, Manchu archers among themselves had several different schools of archery. In my article A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO MANCHU MILITARY ARCHERY in the Journal of Chinese Martial Studies1 I describe at length how I got to the current reconstruction of Manchu archery. I intend to publish more about this subject in the future. For now, a short summary will do:
为了学习或重建任何一种文化的射箭风格，识别和选择某种风格或流派是很重要的。满族人统治着清朝，但这并不意味着这一时期中国所有的射箭都是满族的。此外，满族弓箭手之间也有几个不同的射箭流派。在我发表在《中国武学杂志》上的一篇文章《满族军事射箭实用指南》中，我详细地描述了我是如何得到现在的满族射箭重建的。我打算在未来发表更多关于这个主题的文章。现在，一个简短的总结就可以了:
为了学习或重建任何一种文化的射箭风格，识别和选择某种风格或流派是很重要的。满族人统治着清朝，但这并不意味着这一时期中国所有的射箭都是满族的。此外，满族弓箭手之间也有几个不同的射箭流派。在我发表在《中国武学杂志》上的一篇文章《满族军事射箭实用指南》中，我详细地描述了我是如何得到现在的满族射箭重建的。我打算在未来发表更多关于这个主题的文章。现在，一个简短的总结就可以了:
When looking at Manchu archers from various periods one can't help to notice that there is a large group of military archers that all use exactly the same posture. One of the earliest depictions of this style is an archery manual dated 1722, by an author named Liu Qi.2 It is a book aimed at military examination candidates, he uses the archery method of the imperial guardsmen of the Kangxi emperor as an example of best archery practice. The style is characterized by a leaning posture, and it describes two follow throughs: One with the hand staying in place and the other with the hand swinging backwards in a controlled manner. An excellent example of the classic Manchu style, are three pictures by a certain H.R. Kress on this page. That this very characteristic style does not stand alone is exemplified not only by its presence in the drawings accompanying Liu Qi's manual, but also by various pieces of artwork and photographs.
当我们观察不同时期的满族弓箭手时，我们不禁会注意到，有一大群军事弓箭手都使用完全相同的姿势。最早描述这种射箭风格的是1722年的一本射箭手册，作者是刘淇。这是一本针对军事考试考生的书，他使用了康熙皇帝的皇家侍卫的射箭方法，作为最好的射箭实践的例子。这种风格的特点是一种倾斜的姿势，它描述了两种跟随:一种是手保持在原地，另一种是手以控制的方式向后摆动。这是典型的满族风格的一个很好的例子，在这个页面上有三张H.R. Kress的照片。这种独特的风格并不是独一无二的，这不仅体现在刘淇的手册附图中，也体现在各种艺术品和照片中。
当我们观察不同时期的满族弓箭手时，我们不禁会注意到，有一大群军事弓箭手都使用完全相同的姿势。最早描述这种射箭风格的是1722年的一本射箭手册，作者是刘淇。这是一本针对军事考试考生的书，他使用了康熙皇帝的皇家侍卫的射箭方法，作为最好的射箭实践的例子。这种风格的特点是一种倾斜的姿势，它描述了两种跟随:一种是手保持在原地，另一种是手以控制的方式向后摆动。这是典型的满族风格的一个很好的例子，在这个页面上有三张H.R. Kress的照片。这种独特的风格并不是独一无二的，这不仅体现在刘淇的手册附图中，也体现在各种艺术品和照片中。
It is clear that the figure on the above copperplate print of the battle of Tonguzluq is the exact same style as we see depicted in the Kress photographs. This plate was made as a series of plates in France in 1773, it was based on a detailed drawing by Jesuit court painter Giuseppe Castiglione, who worked in the imperial palace was very close to the Qianlong emperor and his guards. Castiglione was not present at this particular battle, but he was very familiar with the archery practices of the emperor and his imperial guardsmen.
很明显，上面通古兹鲁克战役（这个翻译名字不太确定，但应该是平定西域战图的其中之一）铜版版画上的人物与我们在克雷斯照片上看到的完全相同。此版是1773年在法国制作的系列版，它是根据耶稣会宫廷画家朱塞佩·卡斯蒂格里奥尼(Giuseppe Castiglione)（此处应当是指乾隆朝宫廷画家郎世宁）的详细绘制而成，他在皇宫工作，与乾隆皇帝和他的侍卫关系密切。卡斯蒂里昂并没有参加这场战斗，但他对皇帝和他的皇家卫队的射箭训练非常熟悉
很明显，上面通古兹鲁克战役（这个翻译名字不太确定，但应该是平定西域战图的其中之一）铜版版画上的人物与我们在克雷斯照片上看到的完全相同。此版是1773年在法国制作的系列版，它是根据耶稣会宫廷画家朱塞佩·卡斯蒂格里奥尼(Giuseppe Castiglione)（此处应当是指乾隆朝宫廷画家郎世宁）的详细绘制而成，他在皇宫工作，与乾隆皇帝和他的侍卫关系密切。卡斯蒂里昂并没有参加这场战斗，但他对皇帝和他的皇家卫队的射箭训练非常熟悉
To the left a drawing from Liu Qi's 1722 manual. To the left is is Ku Ku in 1957. Ku Ku is probably the very last living Manchu archer who received formal training in this style. We interviewed Ku Ku, who is alive and in good health, in Singapore in January 2012. This interview was published in the Journal of Chinese Martial Studies.3
左边是刘淇1722年创作手册中的一幅画。左边是1957年的Ku Ku（佟配云）。Ku Ku（如前）可能是最后一个接受过这种正式训练的满族弓箭手。2012年1月，我们在新加坡采访了Ku Ku（如前），他还活着，健康状况良好。这篇采访发表在《中国武学杂志》上
左边是刘淇1722年创作手册中的一幅画。左边是1957年的Ku Ku（佟配云）。Ku Ku（如前）可能是最后一个接受过这种正式训练的满族弓箭手。2012年1月，我们在新加坡采访了Ku Ku（如前），他还活着，健康状况良好。这篇采访发表在《中国武学杂志》上
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The imperial guard
The vigilant reader may have noticed that there is a strong connection with this style and the imperial guard. And indeed, Liu Qi describes the imperial guard in 1722, Castiglione probably drew and painted archers based on those he knew: the emperor and his guards. Ku Ku's father was an imperial guard to the last emperor, Pu Yi, confirming that the style endured in these circles at least up to Pu Yi's time. Imperial guards were generally hand picked by the emperors and typically represented the best of the best of Manchu warriors. It is to be expected that the most practical and purest form of Manchu archery is strongly connected to this prominent group of archers. Many Qing manuals show a great extent of Chinese influence, which doesn't make them any less interesting, but for the purpose of isolating Manchu archery for a thorough in-depth study of this particular style we should choose our sources carefully.
帝国卫队
细心的读者可能已经注意到，这种风格与禁卫军有着密切的联系。 事实上，刘启在 1722 年描述了皇家卫队，卡斯蒂廖内可能根据他所认识的人来画弓箭手：皇帝和他的卫队。 苦苦的父亲是末代皇帝溥仪的侍卫，证实这种风格至少在溥仪时代一直在这些圈子中持续存在。 皇家卫队通常由皇帝亲自挑选，通常代表满族战士中最好的。 可以预料，最实用、最纯粹的满族射箭形式与这一杰出的弓箭手群体密切相关。 许多清代手册显示了很大程度的中国影响，这并没有使它们变得不那么有趣，但是为了隔离满族射箭以彻底深入研究这种特殊风格，我们应该仔细选择我们的来源。
The vigilant reader may have noticed that there is a strong connection with this style and the imperial guard. And indeed, Liu Qi describes the imperial guard in 1722, Castiglione probably drew and painted archers based on those he knew: the emperor and his guards. Ku Ku's father was an imperial guard to the last emperor, Pu Yi, confirming that the style endured in these circles at least up to Pu Yi's time. Imperial guards were generally hand picked by the emperors and typically represented the best of the best of Manchu warriors. It is to be expected that the most practical and purest form of Manchu archery is strongly connected to this prominent group of archers. Many Qing manuals show a great extent of Chinese influence, which doesn't make them any less interesting, but for the purpose of isolating Manchu archery for a thorough in-depth study of this particular style we should choose our sources carefully.
帝国卫队
细心的读者可能已经注意到，这种风格与禁卫军有着密切的联系。 事实上，刘启在 1722 年描述了皇家卫队，卡斯蒂廖内可能根据他所认识的人来画弓箭手：皇帝和他的卫队。 苦苦的父亲是末代皇帝溥仪的侍卫，证实这种风格至少在溥仪时代一直在这些圈子中持续存在。 皇家卫队通常由皇帝亲自挑选，通常代表满族战士中最好的。 可以预料，最实用、最纯粹的满族射箭形式与这一杰出的弓箭手群体密切相关。 许多清代手册显示了很大程度的中国影响，这并没有使它们变得不那么有趣，但是为了隔离满族射箭以彻底深入研究这种特殊风格，我们应该仔细选择我们的来源。
THE SEQUENCE
Here is a series of photographs of myself going through the sequence of the Manchu archery technique. For a description on the details of the Manchu thumb draw technique, please see my online article USING THE MANCHU THUMB RING. During the entire sequence, the eyes should be fixed on the target.
序列
这是我自己经历满族射箭技术序列的一系列照片。 有关满族拇指画技术（其实就是筒扳用法，这个翻译
）的详细说明，请参阅我的在线文章使用满族拇指环。 在整个序列中，眼睛应固定在目标上。（这个意思应该是，在射击的全过程，都要直视目标，像低头，左顾右盼这种不自觉的动作不要有
）
Here is a series of photographs of myself going through the sequence of the Manchu archery technique. For a description on the details of the Manchu thumb draw technique, please see my online article USING THE MANCHU THUMB RING. During the entire sequence, the eyes should be fixed on the target.
序列
这是我自己经历满族射箭技术序列的一系列照片。 有关满族拇指画技术（其实就是筒扳用法，这个翻译
）的详细说明，请参阅我的在线文章使用满族拇指环。 在整个序列中，眼睛应固定在目标上。（这个意思应该是，在射击的全过程，都要直视目标，像低头，左顾右盼这种不自觉的动作不要有）不感兴趣
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