海绵铁是啥，直接自己看吧～

继续，现代制造铸铁，别说可以不用1800度的高温炉，上个600度的还原炉都能搞～
铁水？铁水虽然流动性好对冶炼效率有好处，可从来都不是必须品～

@扫帚梅厄

不明觉厉

仔细看我的原话，我说的是海绵铁里面不会出现生铁，不是锻铁炉里面不会出现生铁。
锻铁炉里面会不会出现生铁？当然会！卡特兰锻铁炉里面的PIG IRON就是，炉温够高足以熔化成铁水，铁水溶入碳成分，就产生生铁了。这是很常见的现象，我在回复里面也提到这点，但是有的人看不见而已。
那么海绵铁里面会不会出现生铁？我认为不会。什么是海绵铁？某人自己在上面引用的说法，海绵铁就是“直接还原炼铁产品的统称，块矿或球团矿在还原器里面以较低的温度在固态下进行还原，由于其中氧的排出和还原膨胀，还原产品具有多孔性balabala”，请注意上面的几个说法：较低温度，固态下还原，多孔性，清晰的海绵结构。那么，很明显，固态还原下的海绵铁，在较低温度下无法溶碳，自然就不能产生生铁，而要产生生铁，就先得达到所谓的共晶温度也就是1100度以上，而这个温度高于熟铁的熔解温度。在这个温度上海绵铁早就熔化掉了。也就不再是海绵状结构了，也就不能称之为海绵铁。
所以，某个小吧恐怕把自己挂上去了。硝酸亚铁这个笑话已经被修正，我就不再抓着不放了，既然如此，不如跟我们科普一下20吨矿石容量，1600度炉温的锻铁炉的问题，按我理解这个炉温这个炉体，基本上出来绝大部分都是钢水，根本不是生产块炼海绵铁的。所以我很想知道固体块炼哪家强。

看起来有些人对温度、大小什么的完全没有感觉，大概以为20吨矿石有山一样大？


20吨矿石容量只不过是1L日本人那差不多六七吨容量的炉子的2倍大左右～对于中世纪末到近代初已经不是什么很夸张的尺寸了，这之后就一路走向高炉时代，别说20吨，上百吨的都不奇怪了～

看起来有人似乎以为现实中的冶金，炉子里温度处处相等

不如猜猜石英半熔融大概是什么温度？
还锻铁炉……这人看起来完全分不清冶炉锻炉等等的区别么……

某人这似乎还出现了一种奇妙的炉内现象，海绵铁说白了就是一坨还原后的各种东西因为经过半熔融状态而混在一起的混杂物，但看某人这意思，他的炉子里半熔融的各种含碳量的铁不但没有在炉内聚成一坨，反而会根据含碳量各自移动到某个地方……这是含碳量歧视吗？

不就是中国铸铁领先世界一千年嘛

我觉得鬼公挂的没错，你当时确实是这么说的，@扫帚梅厄

@扫帚梅厄
你的观点是从这类资料里面得出的吗？

我还以为是坟 前面鬼公也发过这玩意吧 14年的时候

关于海绵铁的生产这个问题可以直接WIKI一下Bloomery的词条。我的渣翻译水平有限，如果翻译有错也欢迎指出。
A bloomery consists of a pit or chimney with heat-resistant walls made of earth, clay, or stone. Near the bottom, one or more pipes (made of clay or metal) enter through the side walls. These pipes, called tuyeres, allow air to enter the furnace, either by natural draught, or forced with bellows or a trompe. An opening at the bottom of the bloomery may be used to remove the bloom, or the bloomery can be tipped over and the bloom removed from the top.
BLOOMERY（炼铁炉）是一个用黏土、石头和泥土建造成耐火墙结构所构成的坑或炉。在底部有一个或多个金属或黏土制作的通风管（被称为 tuyeres,）穿过炉壁进入炉内，以实现通风——可能是自然通风，也可能是以风箱和风囊进行人工鼓风。底部有开口以用于取出海绵铁（bloom），或者做成可打开的设计用以从顶部取出海绵铁。
The first step taken before the bloomery can be used is the preparation of the charcoal and the iron ore. The charcoal is produced by heating wood to produce the nearly pure carbon fuel needed for the smelting process. The ore is broken into small pieces and usually roasted in a fire to remove any moisture in the ore. Any large impurities in the ore can be crushed and removed. Since slagfrom previous blooms may have a high iron content, it can also be broken up and recycled into the bloomery with the new ore.
炼铁炉被使用之前的第一步是需要准备好木炭和铁矿石，木炭是通过木材干馏后得到的几乎纯碳的燃料用以和铁矿石进行还原反应。矿石被粉碎成小碎块并一般经过焙烧以去除水分。矿石中的大块杂质都被粉碎和去除掉了。因为之前炼铁中会产生含有大量铁成分的渣块，这些渣块也会被砸碎并和新的矿石一起加入到炉中。
下来是里面关于生产的说法：
In operation, the bloomery is preheated by burning charcoal, and once hot, iron ore and additional charcoal are introduced through the top, in a roughly one-to-one ratio. Inside the furnace, carbon monoxide from the incomplete combustion of the charcoal reduces the iron oxides in the ore to metallic iron, without melting the ore; this allows the bloomery to operate at lower temperatures than the melting temperature of the ore. As the desired product of a bloomery is iron which is easily forgeable, it requires a low carbon content. The temperature and ratio of charcoal to iron ore must be carefully controlled to keep the iron from absorbing too much carbon and thus becoming unforgeable. Cast iron occurs when the iron melts and absorbs 2% to 4% carbon. Because the bloomery is self-fluxing the addition of limestone is not required to form a slag
在操作中，炼铁炉会被燃烧的木炭预热，在预热完成后，更多的木炭和铁矿石从顶部按1比1的比例倒入炉中。没有经过矿石的熔化过程，不完全燃烧产生的一氧化碳会和掉氧化铁中的氧元素结合并将铁还原出来。这使得炼铁炉可以在低于熔炼矿石的温度下工作。由于炼铁炉期望得到的的产品是能够容易锻造的铁，所以他需要一个一个低的含碳量，因此温度和木炭含量都需要仔细控制以便使铁不至于过度吸收太多的碳以至于无法锻造。如果铁在炼化过程中吸收了2%-4%的碳便会变成生铁。炼铁炉本身是自熔的因此不需要额外添加石灰以制造炉渣。
The small particles of iron produced in this way fall to the bottom of the furnace, where they combine with molten slag, often consisting of fayalite, a compound of silicon, oxygen and iron mixed with other impurities from the ore. The mixed iron and slag cool to form a spongy mass referred to as the bloom. Because the bloom is highly porous, and its open spaces are full of slag, the bloom must later be reheated and beaten with a hammer to drive the molten slag out of it. Iron treated this way is said to be wrought (worked), and the resulting iron, with reduced amounts of slag is called wrought iron or bar iron. It is also possible to produce blooms coated in steel by manipulating the charge of and air flow to the bloomery .
通过这种方法产生的小碎块铁落在炉膛的底部，与橄榄石、氧化铁和铁以及其他矿石中的杂质成分组成的炉渣一起。铁和矿渣的混合物冷却形成的多空状物体被称之为bloom。因为bloom是多孔的且含有矿渣，所以需要稍后继续加热并捶打去渣，这种加工方式叫做锻造（wrought），而加工后的产物被成为锻铁（熟铁）或者条铁。同时也可能通过控制鼓风和消耗物在炼铁炉中直接制造出可以加工成钢的海绵铁。

同一词条的后续部分（略过了汉代和非洲的内容）
Medieval Europe
中世纪欧洲
Early European bloomeries were relatively small, smelting less than 1 kg[citation needed] of iron with each firing. Progressively larger bloomeries were constructed in the late 14th century, with a capacity of about 15 kg on average, though exceptions did exist. The use of waterwheels to power the bellows allowed the bloomery to become larger and hotter. European average bloom sizes quickly rose to 300 kg, where they levelled off until the demise of the bloomery.
早期欧洲炼铁炉是非常小的，每次炼铁的产量量小于1公斤。发展到了14世纪建造出了较大型的炼铁炉，平均可以容纳15公斤，当然也有例外。后期使用水车驱动风箱的炼铁炉变得更大炉温更高，欧洲的的炼铁炉的体积迅速增长到300公斤，并在此量级停顿下来直到炼铁炉技术消亡。
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看了这段，应该能理解为啥我听到20吨容量的炼铁炉之后，心脏会觉得受不了了吧？
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As a bloomery's size is increased, the iron ore is exposed to burning charcoal for a longer time. When combined with the strong air blast required to penetrate the large ore and charcoal stack, this may cause part of the iron to melt and become saturated with carbon in the process, producing unforgeable pig iron which requires oxidation to be reduced into cast iron, steel, and iron. This pig iron was considered a waste product detracting from the largest bloomeries' yield, and it is not until the 14th century that early blast furnaces, identical in construction but dedicated to the production of molten iron, were built.[7][8]
随着炼铁炉的增大，铁矿石与木炭共热的时间也随之增加，同时反应过程中也需要更强的鼓风来给木炭和矿石堆供风。这可能造成生产过程中部分的铁被熔化并与碳结合，生成了无法锻造的PIG IRON（高碳的生铁），需要氧化脱碳来转化成为铸铁、钢和铁。这些PIG IRON被视为生产中的废品并成为影响炼铁炉产量的最大因素，直到14世纪采用类似结构但致力于生产钢水的高炉被建造出来为止。
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这段解释了生铁的产生导致炼铁炉不能一直增大的原因，同时也说明了生铁的产生原因是铁在高温中熔解并溶碳。并说明了在当时生铁这玩意是影响产量要尽量避免的工艺瑕疵。
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Bloomery type furnaces typically produced a range of iron products from very low carbon iron to steel containing approximately 0.2% to 1.5% carbon. The master smith had to select bits of low carbon iron, carburize them, and pattern-weld them together to make steel sheets. Even when applied to a non-carburized bloom, this pound, fold and weld process resulted in a more homogeneous product and removed much of the slag. The process had to be repeated up to 15 times when high quality steel was needed, as for a sword. The alternative was to carburize the surface of a finished product. Each welding's heat oxidises some carbon, so the master smith had to make sure there was enough carbon in the starting mixture.[9][10]
BLOOMERY式的锻铁炉典型的产品是非常低含碳量的铁或钢，含碳量从0.2%到1.5之间。铁匠必须选择低碳的碎铁块，进行渗碳并折叠锻打成为一体来制造出钢条。而即使在不渗碳的情况下进行锻打折返的工艺也可以使得铁制品的内部成分更均匀，并能够去除很大部分的渣分。在生产如刀剑等高质量的钢制品的时候这种折叠锻打需要重复多达15次。也可以选择在制作完成后进行表面渗碳。由于每次加热折叠锻打的过程都会氧化掉铁内的一部分碳，工匠必须在进行折返锻造前确认铁中的碳含量足够。
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这段说明了锻铁炉的典型产品是低碳的铁或钢，含碳量从0.2%到1.5之间。
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In England and Wales, despite the arrival of the blast furnace in the Weald in about 1491, bloomery forges, probably using water-power for the hammer as well as the bellows, were operating in the West Midlands region beyond 1580. In Furness and Cumberland, they operated into the early 17th century and the last one in England (near Garstang) did not close until about 1770.[11]
One of the oldest known blast furnaces in Europe have been found in Lapphyttan in Sweden, C14 dated to be from the 12th century.[12] The oldest bloomery in Sweden, also found in the same area, has been C14 dated to 700 BCE.[13]
在英国和威尔士，在1491年维尔德地方建造出高炉之前，使用水力锻锤的熔铁炉在西米德兰区一直使用到了1580年，在佛内斯 和坎伯兰用到了17世纪早期，最后一个英国的熔铁炉（在加斯唐附近）一直使用到了1770年左右才关炉。
欧洲最古老的高炉被发现于瑞典的Lapphyttan，碳十四年代测定为12世纪，统一地区发现了最古老的炼铁炉，碳十四年代测定为公元前700年代。