"Mexican design": the newly modernised MASA S-500T trolleybus, originally built in 1981, reminds a little bit the Mexican
—here seen on trolleybus express line D I Photo: Lic. Uriel German Arano
“墨⻄哥设计”：翻新后的MASA S-500T⽆轨电⻋，原建于1981，造型让⼈想起墨⻄哥摔跤⼿的⾯具。这台⻋运⾏于D线。
Since decades, Mexico City with its’ over 20 million inhabitants in the entire metropolis is known for its’ high pollution levels.Although the air quality in the “Mexico valley” has widely improved since the peak of the 1980’s and 1990’s, traffic- and industry-induced CO2 and NOx emissions are still an issue. One of the main issues is that car ownership has been drastically rising: since 1990 car ownership doubled from roughly 2 to 4 million cars today. Public transport is struggling to keep up and is suffering from saturation and capacity.
⼏⼗年来，拥有两千万居民的墨西哥城都以其污染⽔平之⾼⽽闻名。虽然⾃从上世界⼋⼗和九⼗年代的（污染程度）巅峰以来，墨西哥⾕地区的空⽓质量已经有了显著的提升，由交通和⼯业所产⽣的⼆氧化碳和氮氧化合物依旧是个大⿇烦。造成⿇烦的其中⼀个原因是汽车数量的急剧增长：⾃从1990年以来，汽车数量翻了⼀倍，从两百万辆变成了现在的四百万辆。虽然已经满负荷运转，公共交通系统还是不堪重负，饱受运⼒饱和和容量不⾜之苦。

The decay of Mexico’s trolleybuses
墨西哥城⽆轨电车的衰落
Alongside the 12 metro, 7 Bus Rapid Transit and single light-rail line (as a survivor of the once extensive tramway network), the city still operates a trolleybus system. The 8 trolleybus lines with a total length of 203 km are operated by the publicly-owned STE (Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos) which also operates the light rail line. Since the tramway became obsolescent in the 1970’s and 1980’s after the construction of the metro lines, the trolleybus was consequently developed as a feeder for the metro system. Additionally, three main trolleybus corridors were implemented with right-of-way lanes and a so-called “zero emisiones” branding including a higher fare (3 pesos instead of 2 pesos).
除开⼗⼆条地铁，七条BRT和⼀条轻轨（曾经庞大的有轨电车系统所留下的遗产），墨西哥城还运营着⼀个⽆轨电车系统。公有的STE（Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos）公司运营着轻轨和⼋条总⾥程为203公⾥的⽆轨电车线路。上世纪七⼋⼗年代，有轨电车随着地铁的建设逐步废弃，⽆轨电车则发展为地铁系统的补充。除此之外，三个主要的⽆轨电车⾛廊采⽤了优先车道和所谓的“零排放”品牌，并收取更⾼的费⽤（由2比索涨到3比索）。


Over the past two decades, the trolleybus has been widely neglected in terms of maintenance, investment. The network used to have a length of 492.61 km in 2007 with 18 lines. In 2014, there were only 8 lines with a length of 203.64 km, equalling a reduction of a mere 41 %! According to official numbers, the fleet consists in the following 339 vehicles of which only 135 vehicles are operation (equalling 40 %). Service quality of the trolleybus system is suffering from the aging fleet and reduced fleet size. The oldest vehicles were built in 1975 and the youngest generation being in service since 1999. The following buses are currently listed in STE’s books:
在过去的⼆⼗年中，⽆轨电车系统缺乏维护和投资。在2007年，整个系统还拥有总⾥程为492.61公⾥的18条线路。⽽在2014年就只剩下眼下的200公⾥的8条线路了，减幅达到了41%！根据官⽅的数据，由339台电车组成的车队只有40%，也就是135台电车还在运⾏。服务品质也因为逐步削减的车队和车辆的⽼龄化⽽受到牵连。最⽼的和最新的电车分别建造于1975年和1999年。以下是STE登记在册的车型：
4 New Flyer trolleybuses with PRM ramp and therefore the only trolleybuses fulfilling requirements for persons with reduced mobility, built in 1975, taken over from Edmonton (Canada) in 1987, serial numbers 3200, electrical equipment: Kiepe (formerly: GE)
4台带有⽆障碍斜坡的新飞⼈电车（印象中好像是New Flyer较为常⽤的翻译。或许是“新飞”？），也是车队中唯⼀能满⾜残疾⼈需要的车型。建于1975年，1987年从加拿⼤埃德蒙顿收购。编号为3200，电⽓设备由德国Kiepe提供（原为通⽤电⽓）
33 out of 40 MASA-Toshiba, built in 1981, serial numbers 4200, electrical equipment: Chopper GTC and thyristors
33台（总数为40台）MASA（译者注：Mexicana de Autobuses, S.A.墨西哥第⼆⼤客车⼚。1959年建⽴，1988年私有化，1998年被沃尔沃收购并命名为沃尔沃墨西哥）——东芝电车。建于1981年，编号为4200.电⽓设备
为斩波器GTC和晶闸管（译者注：此处为直译，没有查到GTC的含义。）
49 out of 56 MASA-Toshiba, built in 1984, serial numbers 4300, electrical equipment: Chopper GTC and thyristors
49台（总数为56台）MASA-东芝电车。建于1984年，编号为4300。电⽓设备同上。
36 out of 59 MASA-Toshiba, built in 1984, serial numbers 4400, electrical equipment: Chopper GTC and thyristors
36台（总数为59台）MASA-东芝电车，建于1984年，编号为4400。电⽓设备同上。
19 out of 30 MASA-Mitsubishi Fuso (1st generation), built in 1984 – 88 serial numers 4700, electrical equipment: Chopper GTC and Thyristoren
19台（总数为30台）MASA-三菱扶桑电车（第⼀代），建于1984年-1987年，编号为4700。电⽓设备同上。
9 out of 15 MASA-Kiepe, built in 1990, serial numbers 7000, electrical equipment Kiepe
9台（总数为15台）MASA-Kiepe电车，建于1990年，编号为7000.电⽓设备由Kiepe提供。
189 out of 200 MASA-Mitsubishi Fuso (2nd generation) built in 1997 – 1999, serial numbers 9700/ 9800, electrical equipment: VVVV-F converters with IGBT
189台（总数200台）MASA-三菱扶桑电车（第⼆代），建于1998-1999，编号为9700/9800 。电⽓设备为IGBT-VVVF。

Need to renew the trolleybus system
急需更新的车队
With the decreasing number of vehicles, frequencies, comfort and reliability of the trolleybus system have deteriorated drastically during the past decade. Logically, passengers numbers plunged from formerly over 200,000 passengers per day to 149,000 per day in 2018. Local newspapers have already been accusing the politics of neglecting the emission-free system for too long.
Things are now changing for the better. With the new city administration elected and in power since December 2019 under the leadership of mayor Dr Claudia Sheinbaum, an environmental engineer and part of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Nobel Prize laureates, investment in metro, trolleybus, lightrail and conventional bus has been decided.

随着车辆数⽬的减少，电车系统的发车班次、舒适度和可靠性在过去的⼗年中都急剧恶化。由此导致的是乘客数⽬从200000⼈/天减少到了2018年的149000⼈/天。当地报纸指责政策忽视了这些电车系统太久。
不过，事情在逐步好起来。Claudia Sheinbaum博⼠是⼀位环境⼯程师和联合国政府间⽓候变化专门委员会的⼀员。她在2019年被选为墨西哥城市长。在她的领导下，针对地铁、⽆轨电车、轻轨和常规公交的投资已经被决定。

A tender for 40 new trolleybuses
招标：40台全新⽆轨电车

For the trolleybus, a tender for 30 new trolleybuses which has later been altered to 40 trolleybus, has been released in the beginning of 2019. In May 2019, Yutong has been selected as a supplier for trolleybuses. The total contract value is reported to be 290 million MEX (ca. 13.4 million EUR or ca. 334,000 EUR per trolleybus). The new trolleybuses will have a length of 12 m a passenger capacity of 84 – 90 of which 56 – 62 standing and 28 seating. Maximum speed will be 70 km/h. Additionally, the new vehicles will be equipped with Lithium-Phosphate batteries, allowing for a catenary-free battery range of 70 km, equalling three times the entire length of the “zero emission” trolleybus route A from North to South. The first new trolleybuses are expected to arrive in Mexico City in mid-November 2019. In early February 2019, one of the Yutong trolleybuses from Marrakech, Morocco, was shipped to Mexico City for some technical test rides. It is expected that Mexico City’s new trolleybuses will be based on the model for Marrakech which is in operation since 2017. The second bidder was local Mexican bus manufacturer DINA which has been testing a 12.4 meter Ridder E low-floor bus in Mexico City since 2016/ 17.

2019年，墨西哥城发布了30辆新⽆轨电车的招标，后改为40辆。2019年5⽉，宇通中标。据报道，合同总⾦额为2.9亿墨西哥元（1340万欧元，每台车334000欧元）。宇通电车长12⽶，载客量为84-90⼈（56-62⼈站，28⼈坐）。极速为70公⾥每⼩时。除此之外，新电车还配备了磷酸铁锂电池，允许脱线⾏驶70公⾥。这⼀⾥程等于当地电车A线长度的三倍。第⼀批新车预计在2019年11⽉中旬到货。2019年2⽉上旬，⼀辆来⾃摩洛哥马拉喀什的宇通⽆轨电车被送到墨西哥城测试。预计墨西哥城的新电车也会基于2017年的马拉喀什宇通电车。
第⼆个竞标者是墨西哥本地制造商DINA。DINA⾃2016年以来⼀直在墨西哥城测试⼀台12.4⽶的Ridder E低地板电车。
译者注：
本篇⽂章发表时，宇通电车尚未到货。⽽现在这批新电车已经在墨西哥城运营了⼀段时间。国内互联⽹上即可检索到相关信息。在12⽶车型外，也有18⽶的订单。此外还有⼀个疑点：摩洛哥马拉喀什所采⽤的⽆轨电车车型为扬⼦江制造的威龙G92（WG6120BEVHR），并⽆宇通车型。原⽹页上给出的图⽚也是扬⼦江。⾕歌上亦未查到马拉喀什有使⽤或者测试过宇通电车。

Modernisation of the 30-year old fleet
现代化改进

Map of the 8 remaining trolleybus lines of Mexico City – there used to be 18 lines in 2007. Lines A, D and S are so called trunk lines with special bus lanes and a special fare. Source: STE
墨西哥城剩余8条无轨电车线路图—线路在2007 年曾多达18条。A、D 和 S 线是所谓的干线线路，其有专门的公交专用道以及票价。
In July 2019, STE presented the very first modernised MASA-Toshiba trolleybus, originally built in 1981. The entire vehicle structure has been rebuilt including the front and rear of the trolleybus. The original Chopper GTC and thyristor electrical equipment remains the same. However, the acceleration and braking behaviour has been improved in such a way that the jerk has been significantly reduced in comparison to the other models. Named MASA S-500T, the modernised trolleybus 4202 started operations in July 2019 and is used as a prototype to analyse whether further modernisations of the MASA fleet are viable from both economical and technical aspects. The “new” MASA S-500 T is operated from Monday – Friday on trolleybus service D “Eje 7-7A Sur” from San Andrés Tetepilco to the metro terminus Mixcoac.
2019年7⽉，STE展⽰了第⼀台经过现代化改进的1981年MASA-东芝电车，命名为MASA S-500T。包括前后造型在内，整台车的架构被重建。原有的斩波器GTC和晶闸管设备则保持原样，但加速度和制动都得到了改善。和原型相⽐，减少了加速时的冲击。编号为4202的MASA S-500T在2019年七⽉开始运营，并作为分析进⼀步改进所有MASA车型可⾏性的实验原型车。这台“新”车总裁周⼀⾄周五运营在从San Andrés Tetepilco 到 Metro Mixcoac的电车D线上。
Further information (in German) of the Mexican transport system can be found in the current issue (7/8 2019) of “Stadtverkehr”:
https://stadtverkehr.de/

没时间校对，轻喷