The question basic to geology is, what makesthe earth the way it is? The most obvious processes are in front of your veryeyes, the erosion processes of the rivers, the winds, etc. It is easy enough tounderstand these, but for every bit of erosion there is an equal amount of somethingelse going on. Mountains are no lower today, on the average, than they were inthe past. There must be mountain-forming processes. You will find, if youstudy geology, that there are mountain-forming processes and volcanism,which nobody understands but which is half of geology. The phenomenon of volcanoesis really not understood. What makes an earthquake is, ultimately, not understood.It is understood that if something is pushing something else, it snaps and willslide—that is all right. But what pushes, and why? The theory is that there arecurrents inside the earth—circulating currents, due to the difference in temperatureinside and outside—which, in their motion, push the surface slightly. Thus ifthere are two opposite circulations next to each other, the matter will collectin the region where they meet and make belts of mountains which are in unhappystressed conditions, and so produce volcanoes and earthquakes.
对地质学来说，一个基本问题就是，究竟是什么，使得地球成为现在这个样子？最明显的过程，就在我们眼前，即河流与风的侵蚀等等，理解这些很容易，但是，对于每一点侵蚀来说，都有某种等量的东西，在发生着。山脉在过去，平均来说，并不像今天这么低。应该有一个山脉形成的过程和火山运动，火山运动没有人能理解，但是，它却是地质学的一半。火山现象确实未被理解。地震的原因，也不知道。能理解的是，如果某物推着另一个物，那么，就会出现断裂、滑动，这是完全正确的。但是，什么在推呢？这又是为什么呢？理论就是，在地球内部，有急流--循环的急流，这是由于地球内外温度的差异--，这种急流，在其运动中，轻推地表。这样，如果有两种相反的循环，挨在一起，那么，物质就会在它们相遇的地方堆积，然后，形成山脉，山脉不幸，处于压力之下，所以就会产生火山和地震。

What about the inside of the earth? A greatdeal is known about the speed of earthquake waves through the earth and the densityof distribution of the earth. However, physicists have been unable to get a goodtheory as to how dense a substance should be at the pressures that would be expectedat the center of the earth. In other words, we cannot figure out the propertiesof matter very well in these circumstances. We do much less well with the earththan we do with the conditions of matter in the stars. The mathematics involvedseems a little too difficult, so far, but perhaps it will not be too long beforesomeone realizes that it is an important problem, and really works it out. Theother aspect, of course, is that even if we did know the density, we cannotfigure out the circulating currents. Nor can we really work out the propertiesof rocks at high pressure. We cannot tell how fast the rocks should “give”; thatmust all be worked out by experiment.
地球内部又是什么情况呢？关于地震波通过地球的速度和地球的密度分布，已经知道了很多。地球的中心，我们认为会有高压，一个具体物质，在这种高压下，密度会是什么样子呢？对此，物理学家还得不到一个好的理论。换句话说，对于在这种情景下的物质的属性，我们想象不出来。我们对于地球所做的，与我们对于恒星上的物质的条件所做的相比，要差得多。目前为止，所牵扯到的数学，似乎有点太难，但是，可能要不了多久，就会有人的意识到，这是一个重要的问题，然后，做出真正的工作。当然，另一方面就是，即使我们知道了密度，我们还是想象不出此循环的急流。我们对于高压下岩石的属性，同样也得不出。我们无法知道，岩石应该“提供”的应该有多快；这些都应该通过实验来得到。

3–6Psychology 心理学
Next, we consider the science of psychology.Incidentally, psychoanalysis is not a science: it is at best a medical process,and perhaps even more like witch-doctoring. It has a theory as to what causesdisease—lots of different “spirits,” etc. The witch doctor has a theory that adisease like malaria is caused by a spirit which comes into the air; it is not curedby shaking a snake over it, but quinine does help malaria. So, if you are sick,I would advise that you go to the witch doctor because he is the man in thetribe who knows the most about the disease; on the other hand, his knowledge isnot science. Psychoanalysis has not been checked carefully by experiment, andthere is no way to find a list of the number of cases in which it works, the numberof cases in which it does not work, etc.
下面我们考虑心理科学。顺便说一下，心理分析不是一门科学：它最多是一个治疗过程，或许，更像巫医。对于究竟是什么引起疾病的，它有一种说法，即有很多不同的“精神”，等等。巫医有一种理论，就是像疟疾这种疾病，是由一种来到空气中的精神所引起的；它的治愈，并不是在上面晃动一个蛇，而是奎宁。所以，如果你病了，我建议你去看巫医，因为他是部落中对疾病了解最多的人；另一方面，他的知识不是科学。心理分析，还没有被实验仔细地检查过，也没有办法找到一个清单，用来指出，在那些情况下它有用，在那些情况下它没用，等等。

The other branches of psychology, which involvethings like the physiology of sensation—what happens in the eye, and what happensin the brain—are, if you wish, less interesting. But some small but realprogress has been made in studying them. One of the most interesting technical problemsmay or may not be called psychology. The central problem of the mind, if youwill, or the nervous system, is this: when an animal learns something, it can dosomething different than it could before, and its brain cell must have changedtoo, if it is made out of atoms. In what way is it different? We do not knowwhere to look, or what to look for, when something is memorized. We do not knowwhat it means, or what change there is in the nervous system, when a fact is learned.This is a very important problem which has not been solved at all. Assuming, however,that there is some kind of memory thing, the brain is such an enormous mass ofinterconnecting wires and nerves that it probably cannot be analyzed in a straightforwardmanner. There is an analog of this to computing machines and computing elements,in that they also have a lot of lines, and they have some kind of element, analogous,perhaps, to the synapse, or connection of one nerve to another. This is a veryinteresting subject which we have not the time to discuss further—the relationshipbetween thinking and computing machines. It must be appreciated, of course, thatthis subject will tell us very little about the real complexities of ordinaryhuman behavior. All human beings are so different. It will be a long time beforewe get there. We must start much further back. If we could even figure out how adog works, we would have gone pretty far. Dogs are easier to understand,but nobody yet knows how dogs work.
心理学的其他分支，包括诸如感觉的生理学—即眼睛里发生了什么，大脑里发生了什么等，如果你想了解的话，就要知道，它们的趣味性要更差一些。但是，关于它们的研究，还是做出了一些小的和真实的进步。最有趣的技术课题之一，可以被称为心理学，当然你也可以不这样称呼它。心灵{mind}的中心问题，或者，你也可以把它称为神经系统的问题，就是，当一个动物学会了某件事情，那么，它做某事的方式，就会与前不同，这样，其大脑细胞，如果是由原子构成的话，就应该发生了改变。这种不同究竟是以何种方式发生的呢？当某事被记起来的时候，我们不知道去哪里找，或者去找什么。当我们学到一个事实的时候，我们并不知道，它意味着什么，或者，在神经系统中发生了什么样的改变。这是一个很重要的问题，还根本未被解决。然而，假设有某种记忆的东西，而大脑就是一大团相互连接着的线和神经，它们大概不能以一种直接的方式被分析。这一点，可以与计算机器和计算元素，做个类比，即它们也有很多线，还有某种的元素，可以与突触相类比，或者：与一个神经与另一个神经的连接，相类比。这个话题很有趣，但是，关于思维与计算机器之间的关系，我们没有时间做深入的讨论了。当然，应该承认，这个话题，在普通人类的复杂性方面，告诉我们的会很少。人与人之间，区别很大。我们要彻底理解这些，需要很长时间。我们应该从更近些的地方开始。如果我们可以搞清楚，狗是如何工作的，那么，我们就已经走的相当远了。狗还是比较容易理解的，尽管如此，目前还是没有人知道，狗是如何工作的。

3–7How did it get that way? 事情该如何走上{物理}这条路？
In order for physics to be useful to othersciences in a theoretical way, other than in the invention of instruments,the science in question must supply to the physicist a description of the objectin a physicist’s language. They can say “why does a frog jump?,” and the physicistcannot answer. If they tell him what a frog is, that there are so many molecules,there is a nerve here, etc., that is different. If they will tell us, more orless, what the earth or the stars are like, then we can figure it out. In orderfor physical theory to be of any use, we must know where the atoms are located.In order to understand the chemistry, we must know exactly what atoms are present,for otherwise we cannot analyze it. That is but one limitation, of course.
对于仪器的发明，物理学是有用的，对于其他科学，为了让物理学除这种作用外，在理论上也有用，那么，待考那门科学，就应该用物理学家的语言，给物理学家提供相关对象的描述。他们可以说：“为什么青蛙在跳？”物理学家不能回答。如果他们告诉物理学家，什么是青蛙，即有很多分子，有一根神经等等，这就不同了。如果他们或多或少地告诉我们，地球或恒星是什么样子的，那么，我们就可以搞清楚它们是什么了。为了让物理理论派上用场，我们应该知道，原子在什么地方。为了理解化学，我们应该知道，在场的原子是什么，否则的话，我们就不能分析它了。当然，这无非是一种限制{条件}。

There is another kind of problem in thesister sciences which does not exist in physics; we might call it, for lack ofa better term, the historical question. How did it get that way? If we understandall about biology, we will want to know how all the things which are on the earthgot there. There is the theory of evolution, an important part of biology. Ingeology, we not only want to know how the mountains are forming, but how the entireearth was formed in the beginning, the origin of the solar system, etc. That, ofcourse, leads us to want to know what kind of matter there was in the world. Howdid the stars evolve? What were the initial conditions? That is the problem ofastronomical history. A great deal has been found out about the formation ofstars, the formation of elements from which we were made, and even a little aboutthe origin of the universe.
在姐妹科学中，还有另外一种问题，这些问题在物理学中并不存在；由于缺乏更好的词汇，所以我们可以把其称为历史性的问题。事情是如何走上这条路的？如果我们理解了关于生物学的所有事情，那么，我们就想知道，地球上的所有事情，是如何变成今天这个样子的。有进化论，它是生物学的重要部分，在地理学中，我们不仅想知道，山是如何形成的？我们还想知道，整个地球最初是如何形成的？太阳系的起源等等。这些问题，当然会引发我们去思索，过去的世界，究竟有哪些物质？行星是如何演化的？初始条件是什么？这些就是天文历史的问题。关于恒星的形成，已经找到了很多信息，即构成我们的元素是如何的形成的，甚至，宇宙起源的一点信息。

There is no historical question being studiedin physics at the present time. We do not have a question, “Here are the laws ofphysics, how did they get that way?” We do not imagine, at the moment, that thelaws of physics are somehow changing with time, that they were different in thepast than they are at present. Of course they may be, and the moment wefind they are, the historical question of physics will be wrapped up withthe rest of the history of the universe, and then the physicist will be talkingabout the same problems as astronomers, geologists, and biologists.
当前在物理学中，并没有人在研究历史性的问题。我们并没有这样一个问题：“这里是物理学的定律，它们是如何走到这一步的？”这个时候，我们并不去想象，物理学的定律是以某种方式，随着时间而改变，即它们在过去，与在现在，是不一样的。当然，它们可能如此，当我们发现它们如此的时候，那么，物理学的历史性问题，将会与宇宙的其他历史，捆在一起，那时，物理学家所讨论的问题，将与天文学家、地质学家和生物学家所讨论的问题类似。

A poet once said, “The whole universe is ina glass of wine.” We will probably never know in what sense he meant that, forpoets do not write to be understood. But it is true that if we look at a glassof wine closely enough we see the entire universe. There are the things of physics:the twisting liquid which evaporates depending on the wind and weather, the reflectionsin the glass, and our imagination adds the atoms. The glass is a distillationof the earth’s rocks, and in its composition we see the secrets of the universe’sage, and the evolution of stars. What strange array of chemicals are in the wine?How did they come to be? There are the ferments, the enzymes, the substrates, andthe products. There in wine is found the great generalization: all life is fermentation.Nobody can discover the chemistry of wine without discovering, as did Louis Pasteur,the cause of much disease. How vivid is the claret, pressing its existence intothe consciousness that watches it! If our small minds, for some convenience, dividethis glass of wine, this universe, into parts—physics, biology, geology, astronomy,psychology, and so on—remember that nature does not know it! So let us put it allback together, not forgetting ultimately what it is for. Let it give us one morefinal pleasure: drink it and forget it all!
一位诗人曾经说过：“整个宇宙，就是一玻璃杯的红酒”。我们大概永远也不会知道，他这样说时，感情为何，因为诗人写诗，并不是为了被理解。但是，有一点是真的，那就是，如果我们足够近的看一杯红酒的话，我们就可以看到整个宇宙。有物理上的事情：扭动的液体，其蒸发，依赖于风和天气；杯子的反光，以及我们加上原子的想象。玻璃杯是地球岩石的蒸馏，在它的组合中，我们看到了宇宙年龄的秘密，以及恒星的演化。在红酒中，究竟有什么样奇异的化学排列呢？它们又是如何如此的呢？有发酵、酶、基底物，以及产品。在红酒中，找到了最伟大的普遍化：所有的生命都是发酵。任何人，如果他能发现红酒的化学过程，那么，他就不可能不会发现很多疾病的原因，正如路易斯·巴斯德所做那样。干红葡萄酒是多么地清澈明亮，栩栩如生，会使观看它的人，印象深刻。如果我们小的心灵，为了某种方便，把这杯红酒、这个宇宙，分成不同的部分—物理学，生物学，地质学，天文学，心理学等等--，那么要记住，自然并不知道此事！所以，让我们把它们全放在一旁，不要忘记了它的终极目的。让它给我们最终的快乐：抛开一切，浮一大白！

1. How I’m rushing through this! How much each sentence in this brief storycontains. “The stars are made of the same atoms as the earth.” I usually pick onesmall topic like this to give a lecture on. Poets say science takes away from thebeauty of the stars—mere globs of gas atoms. Nothing is “mere.” I too can see thestars on a desert night, and feel them. But do I see less or more? The vastnessof the heavens stretches my imagination—stuck on this carousel my little eye cancatch one-million-year-old light. A vast pattern—of which I am a part—perhaps mystuff was belched from some forgotten star, as one is belching there. Or see themwith the greater eye of Palomar, rushing all apart from some common starting pointwhen they were perhaps all together. What is the pattern, or the meaning, or thewhy? It does not do harm to the mystery to know a little about it. For farmore marvelous is the truth than any artists of the past imagined! Why do the poetsof the present not speak of it? What men are poets who can speak of Jupiter if hewere like a man, but if he is an immense spinning sphere of methane and ammoniamust be silent?
脚注1、我把这些，快速地过了一遍，多么惊奇。这个简短故事中的每句话，究竟包含了多少内容呢。“构成恒星的原子，与构成地球的原子，是一样的。”我通常选一个类似这样的小话题，然后给一个讲座。诗人们说，科学把星星的美，拿走了，仅仅剩下一团大气原子。没有任何东西是“仅仅的”。在一个沙漠的夜晚，我也可以看到星星，并感觉到它们。但是，我看到的是更少，还是更多呢？浩瀚的天空，扩展了我的想象力，在这个移动的传送带上，我的渺小的眼睛，可以看到100万年前的光。这是一个巨大的模型，我是其中的一部分，或许我的一些东西，是从某个被遗忘的星球，打喷嚏喷出来的，就好像有个人在那里打喷嚏一样。或者是用帕罗马{ Palomar }的更大的眼睛来，就是这样：它们曾经都在一起，从这些共同的开始点出发，冲了出来{大爆炸？}。这个模型是什么呢？或者意义为何，或者为什么呢？对它有所了解，并不会对它的神秘，有任何伤害。因为真相，要比过去任何艺术家所能想象的，都要更加地不可思议。为什么当代的诗人不谈论它呢？一个会说到木星的诗人，如果他像一个人的话，他是一个什么样的人呢？但是，如果他是一个由甲烷和氨气所构成的巨大的旋转的球体，他应该沉默吗？{？}
{ Palomar:加州理工的天文望远镜装置}

Chapter4. Conservationof Energy第四章 能量守恒
4–1What is energy?什么是能量
In this chapter, we begin our more detailedstudy of the different aspects of physics, having finished our description ofthings in general. To illustrate the ideas and the kind of reasoning that mightbe used in theoretical physics, we shall now examine one of the most basic lawsof physics, the conservation of energy.
前面已经把概论讲完了，在这一章，我们将更仔细地研究物理学的各个方面。理论物理学中，会用到一些想法和推理，要展示它们，我们将考察物理学中的一条最基本的定律，即能量守恒定律。

There is a fact, or if you wish, a law,governing all natural phenomena that are known to date. There is no known exceptionto this law—it is exact so far as we know. The law is called the conservationof energy. It states that there is a certain quantity, which we call energy,that does not change in the manifold changes which nature undergoes. That is amost abstract idea, because it is a mathematical principle; it says that thereis a numerical quantity which does not change when something happens. It is nota description of a mechanism, or anything concrete; it is just a strange fact thatwe can calculate some number and when we finish watching nature go through hertricks and calculate the number again, it is the same. (Something like the bishopon a red square, and after a number of moves—details unknown—it is still on somered square. It is a law of this nature.) Since it is an abstract idea, we shallillustrate the meaning of it by an analogy.
有这样一个事实，或者，你也可以称其为规律，即它统治着目前所知道的所有的自然现象。对于这条规律，目前还没有例外，就我们所知，该规律非常准确。这条规律，就被称为能量守恒规律。该规律声称，有某种确定的量，我们称之为能量，它在自然的多种变化中，保持不变。这是一个最抽象的想法，因为它是一种数学的原理；它说：有一种数字的量，当某事发生的时候，它并不变化。它并不是一种机械的描述，或者任何具体的东西；它是一种奇怪的事实：即我们可以计算出某些数字，当我们观察自然完成了其变化的把戏之后，我们重新计算这些数字，结果一样。（它就像国际象棋中一个红方块上的相一样，在一系列移动之后，尽管细节我们并不知道，但它始终是在一个红方块上。它就是这种本质的规律）。鉴于它是一种抽象的想法，所以我们将通过类比，来展示其意义。

想象有一个小孩，他可能叫“有威胁的丹尼斯”，他有一些积木，这些积木绝对不会坏，也不可能被分成小快，每个都与其他的一样。假定有28个。在某天开始的时候，他妈妈把他与这28个积木，放在一个房间。在这天结束的时候，出于好奇，她非常仔细地数了一下，发现了一个现象，无论她怎么做，积木总是28个。这个现象持续了若干天，直到有一天，她发现只有27个了，小小地调查之后，她发现有一个在垫子下面，这意味着，她应该在各处寻找，以保证的积木的数目，没有发生变化。然而，某一天，数目好像变了，只有26个了，经过仔细的研究，发现窗户是开着的，往外一看，有两个在外面。又一天，发现有30个！这让人相当诧异，转念一想，意识到布鲁斯来玩，他的积木也带来了，然后，在丹尼斯的房间留了几个。在他处置了额外的积木后，她关上了窗户，不让布鲁斯进来，然后，一切又恢复了正常，直到某一天，她又发现，只有25个积木了。然而，在房间里，有一个盒子，一个玩具盒子，妈妈想去打开这个玩具盒子，但孩子说，“不，不要打开我的玩具盒子”，然后惊叫。母亲没有被允许去打开这个盒子。由于非常好奇，且有一些天才，所以她发明了一个计划。她知道每个积木，重三盎司，所以，她就在看到有28个积木的时候，称了一下盒子的重量，16盎司。下次，当她想检查的时候，她就称一下盒子，然后减去16盎司，再除以三。她发现了下面的公式：
（看到的积木数）+（盒子的重量-16盎司）/3 盎司=常数。（4.1）

Imagine a child, perhaps “Dennis the Menace,”who has blocks which are absolutely indestructible, and cannot be divided intopieces. Each is the same as the other. Let us suppose that he has 28 blocks. His mother puts him with his 28 blocks into a room at the beginning of the day. At the end of theday, being curious, she counts the blocks very carefully, and discovers a phenomenallaw—no matter what he does with the blocks, there are always 28 remaining! This continues for a number of days, until one day there areonly 27 blocks, but a little investigating shows that there is one underthe rug—she must look everywhere to be sure that the number of blocks has notchanged. One day, however, the number appears to change—there are only 26 blocks. Careful investigation indicates that the window was open,and upon looking outside, the other two blocks are found. Another day, careful countindicates that there are 30 blocks! This causes considerable consternation, until it is realizedthat Bruce came to visit, bringing his blocks with him, and he left a few at Dennis’house. After she has disposed of the extra blocks, she closes the window, doesnot let Bruce in, and then everything is going along all right, until one timeshe counts and finds only 25 blocks. However, there is a box in the room, a toy box, and the mothergoes to open the toy box, but the boy says “No, do not open my toy box,” andscreams. Mother is not allowed to open the toy box. Being extremely curious, andsomewhat ingenious, she invents a scheme! She knows that a block weighs three ounces,so she weighs the box at a time when she sees 28 blocks, and it weighs 16 ounces. The next time she wishes to check, she weighs the boxagain, subtracts sixteen ounces and divides by three. She discovers the following:
(number ofblocks seen)+(weight of box−16 ounces )/3ounces=constant.(4.1)

There then appear to be some new deviations, but careful study indicatesthat the dirty water in the bathtub is changing its level. The child isthrowing blocks into the water, and she cannot see them because it is so dirty,but she can find out how many blocks are in the water by adding another term toher formula. Since the original height of the water was 6 inches and each block raises the water a quarter of an inch, thisnew formula would be:
(number ofblocks seen)+(weight of box−16 ounces )/3ounces +(height of water−6 inches)/(1/4 inch)=constant.(4.2)
然后，又出现了偏差，但仔细的研究指出，浴盆里脏水的水平面改变了。孩子把一些积木，扔到了水里，虽然因为水很脏，她看不到这些积木，但是，通过在她的公式里增加一项，她就可以找出，水里有多少个积木。因为，原先水的高度是六英寸，而每一个积木，可以把水的高度，抬升1/4英寸，所以新的公式就是：
(看到的积木个数)+（盒子的重量-16盎司）/3 盎司+(水的高度−6 英寸)/(1/4 英寸)=常数。(4.2)

In the gradual increase in the complexity of her world, she finds awhole series of terms representing ways of calculating how many blocks are inplaces where she is not allowed to look. As a result, she finds a complexformula, a quantity which has to be computed, which always stays thesame in her situation.
她的世界，逐步地变的复杂，在此期间，有些地方，她没法看到，但她还是找到了一系列的办法，用来计算这些地方的积木数。最终，她发现了一个公式，和一个量，这个量，总要去算，且在她的情况下，该量总保持一样。