以定冠词the + adj（或分词形式的adj.）作主语时，如果指的是一类人，谓语用复数。
例：The English speak English.
The rich are not always happy.

在主谓倒装句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。
例：Here comes an old lady.

关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致
例：Those who want to go please sign their names here.
Some of the energy that is used by man nowadays comes from the atom.

① a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a heap of(一堆), heaps of, a large quantity of等+n构成的短语作主语
②由分数、分数+n构成的短语作主语
③the rest of / the remainder of / most of/half of短语作主语,
其谓语动词要根据短语中后面名词的数而定，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。
例：There are lots of people.
Lots of damage was caused by the fire.
Three-fourths of the people here are doctors
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
Only 30 percent of the students are…
Only 30 percent of the water is…
The rest of the books are…
The rest of the water is…
Half of the visitors are from Europe.
Half of the fruit is bad.
Most of them are…
Most of the wood was used to make furniture.

有些名词，如family, team, group, crowd, crew, class, audience, government, company, committee等作主语时，如果看作一个整体用单数，如果就其中的一个成员而言，用复数。
例： family: My family is a big family.
My family are watching TV.
population: The population of the earth is increasing very fast.
What is the population of China?
One third of the population here are workers.

疑问代词who, what, which，不定代词all, some, any, none等，谓语动词须视情况分别采取复数或单数形式。
例：Who is your brother?
Who are league members?

在正式文体中，用连词or, either…or, neither…nor, whether…or, not only…but also等连接并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致。
例：What he does or what he says does not concern me.
Either he or I know the truth.
He didn’t say whether some English novels or an English dictionary was wanted.
Not only he but also you are wrong.

在倒装句中，谓语动词往往和后面的第一个主语取得一致。
例：Where is your mother and younger sisters?
There is a notebook, a pen and some books on the desk.
In the distance was heard the applause of the people, the shouts and clapping of hands.
但：也可按语法一致原则处理倒装句中主谓一致的问题。
例：There are a notebook, a pen and some books on the desk.

she, he也可以用于月亮、太阳、轮船或动物拟人化;
it在如下情景中也可指人。
1）小婴儿，尤其是分不清性别时；
2）远处的人，看不清楚时；
3）打电话时；
4）人在门外或室外，未见人时；
5）人在图片上时。
例：The moon is shining brightly tonight. She is like a round silvery plate.
It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl?
Who is it on the phone?

一、二、三人称的顺序：
单数时顺序为：you he and I/ you and I
复数时：we you and they
男女单数时：he and she/ he she and I
复数时：ladies and gentlemen boys and girls

my/ your / his 等是形容词性物主代词，作定语；mine / yours / his 等是名词性物主代词，可
作主、表、宾语。
This is your book. That’s mine.
May I use your pen? Mine is broken.

省略物主代词：lose hope / heart; lose one’s life / sight / heart。

形、物主代词可与own连用，加强语气“……人自己的”。
例：I love to have my own room.
a room of mine=my own
可说a … of one’s own，还可用a/an, the, this, that, these, some, any, such, another,
many 等
例：I have a room of my own.
Have you any book of your own?

反身代词不能做主语，只能做宾语或表语，强调动作作用于自身。 例：Help yourself! 请随便吃吧 He fell off the bike and hurt himself.

相互代词
1．each other 通常表示两者之间； 做状语或宾语。
例：Please help each otter.（两者之间）
2. one another表示三者之间；
3．都有所有格：
We know cleanly each other’s good pinto as well as weak pinto.
The teacher had the students check one another’s compositions