还是长石--一篇文章和几张图片供有兴趣者分享_宝石吧

@纳兰千夕，@SgtGhost,@王永庆1314，@ 龙雁飞扬，@ 星空有飞鸟，@ jaquelinh,@indiwa,@iuhey,@awsesqdw,@星啼，@小妖洛洛
本人非地质或矿探或宝石鉴定专业，翻译中有些术语还拿不准，错误之处，欢迎指正
Amazonite, Andesine, Moonstone, Oregon Sunstone, Labradorite, Oligoclase, Orthoclase and Sanidine* are rare, and often quite valuable, gems from the feldspar family of minerals.
天河石（亚马逊石），中长石，月亮石，俄勒冈太阳石，拉长石，奥长石，正长石和透长石都很稀有，也通常是长石家族很有价值的矿石。
Feldspar itself is extremely common, and there are dozens of types distributed worldwide. Although the larger family is commonplace, crystals in the feldspar family that are suitable for gems are scarce, quite valuable, and spectacularly beautiful. Many of these gems only occur in isolated deposits and are much more rare than the more widely known diamond, ruby or Tanzanite gemstones.
长石本身非常常见，在世界范围内分布着几十种。虽然这个家族很大，长石晶体适合于做宝石的却很稀有，非常有价值，惊人的美丽。许多这样的宝石只出现在孤立的沉积层中，而且比人们熟知的钻石、红宝石和坦桑蓝等更稀有。

There are a wide variety of feldspar gem types, and some are confusingly similar in appearance and makeup to each other. Added to this, the trade names and common names often used for these stones can add to the confusion, with the same names often being applied to gemstones which are completely different in appearance, origin and mineral composition. Let's try to sort through the various types.
长石宝石种类有很多，有一些在外表和构成方面十分相像，容易使人迷惑。而且，商业名和俗称的混用加重了这种迷惑，同样的名称经常用于外表、起源和矿物构成都完全不同的宝石。我们来试着对如此多种类进行梳理。
First, the technical side...首先，技术层面。。。。

送TA礼物

本楼含有高级字体1楼2012-11-03 09:31回复

The Plagioclase group of feldspars encompasses most of the feldspar gem types. It is also used as a general classification for stones which do not seem to fit neatly into other sub-groups. Geologists distinguish among the plagioclase types based on the calcium and sodium content - beginning with Albite, which starts at pure sodium aluminosilicate. Then, as the sodium level drops and the calcium level increases, we go to Oligoclase, then to Andesine, then to Labradorites, then to Bytownite, and finally to Anorthite (a pure calcium aluminosilicate where there is no sodium). The specific Sodium/Calcium ratios which define each type are shown in the listing of gems which follows.
斜长石组包含了大部分的长石宝石种类。它也常被用做那些无法归入其他亚组的石头的大类。地质学家根据钙和钠的含量区分斜长石的种类—从钠长石开始，它由纯钠铝硅酸盐开始。随着钠水平的降低和钙水平的升高，我们得到了奥长石，然后是中长石、拉长石、倍长石，最后得到了钙长石（一种不含钠的纯钙铝硅酸盐）。下面的宝石列表显示了不同钠或钙比重的长石宝石。
The alkali/potassium feldspars comprise a second sub-category. This grouping encompasses Microcline, Orthoclase and Sanidine. Unlike the Plagioclase group, the alkali feldspars share the same chemical makeup, and are distinguished by their crystal structure.
碱/钾长石构成了第二个亚种。这一组包括微斜长石，正长石和透长石。与斜长石组不同的是碱性长石化学构成都相同，只是由晶体结构的不同来区别。
Now on to the real world...在现实世界中。。。。
For those who are not familiar with at least the more common of the feldspar gem varieties, here is a brief rundown of the types you may encounter in the marketplace. If you are looking at a stone and confused as to its identity, ask the seller the type and origin. Be aware, however, that a few of these gem types are closely related with only subtle differences. As a result, there is some confusion and debate as to classification, and even an expert might not be willing to give a firm identification of the type and source of a stone. On the other hand, some sellers are mine owners or have close relationship with mining companies, which allows them to be very confident as to the stone's identity. Rather than being overly concerned with the specific sub-type, most of us focus more on the stone's beauty and personal appeal - i.e., a well-cut, high-grade yellow Bytownite and a high-grade yellow Oregon Sunstone Labradorite can look alike, and can be difficult to distinguish without expensive test equipment, but are both beautiful and nearly equal in value.

本楼含有高级字体2楼2012-11-03 09:31

对于那些对长石基本种类缺乏了解的人，下面是一些市场上可能遇到的长石种类的基本的概括。拿到一块石头，如果对其身份有疑惑，询问卖主石头的种类和出处。然而，应该明白这些种类中少数的宝石紧密相关，差别极小。结果是，在分类方面有些混乱和争议，甚至专家都不愿意给出肯定的鉴定。另一方面，一些卖主本身是矿主或者与采矿公司关系密切，他们能够对石头的身份非常清楚。我们大部分人不是过分关心石头的具体的亚种，而是关注石头的美丽和个人的喜好，就好像一个切割良好高品质的黄色倍长石和一个高品质的黄色俄勒冈太阳石拉长石看起来很相像，不用昂贵的检测设备很难区分，两者都很美丽，而且价值基本相同。
Albite钠长石
Normally not used alone as a gemstone, this whitish mineral can be seen, along with other feldspars, in some gems (such as Moonstone and Perthite, see below).）Albite is distinguished from other plagioclase feldspars by its ratio of sodium vs. calcium content (Sodium=90%-100%, Calcium=0%-10%).
钠长石通常不会单独用做一种宝石。这种白色的矿石常可见与其他长石一起用作宝石饰品（如月光石和条纹长石）。钠长石区别于其他斜长石的是其钠/钙含量（钠90%-100%，钙0%-10%
Amazonite天河石（音译：亚马逊石）
Although this was first named based on descriptions from expeditions to the Amazon (as the name suggests), most Amazonite originates from mines in the United States and other areas. These transluscent to opaque stones can range from an olive green to a bluish green, with the blue-green variety usually more highly valued. Deep blue-green Amazonite from Virginia and Russia is available in very high quality and is eagerly sought after.
虽然这是以亚马逊探险命名的石头，大部分天河石起源于美国和其他地区。这种半透明到不透明的石头呈橄榄绿到蓝绿色，蓝绿色种类的通常更有价值。深蓝绿色的产自于佛吉尼亚和俄罗斯天河石品质很高，为人们热捧。

本楼含有高级字体3楼2012-11-03 09:35

Amazonite: Amazonite cabochon on a slab of Perthite (a relative, see Perthite topic)
天河石：置于条纹长石板上的天河石蛋面（or 素面）
Amazonite is a microcline from the alkali/potassium feldspar (K-Spar) group. Its hardness ranges from 6.0-6.5 on the Mohs scale.
天河石是碱/钾长石组的一种微斜长石。硬度6.0-6.5
Andesine中长石
Named after the Andes Mountains in South America, where it was first identified, Andesine is found world-wide. The gem variety is limited to shades of yellow (most often a light yellow to slightly brownish straw color). Since 2002-2003, high prices have been charged for Andesines that have been touted as deriving their colors from Copper. These include an intense red, green, a reddish orange and shades in between. They are of unknown origin (variously rumored from the Congo, Tibet, China, Mongolia, though no source has been confirmed by independent geologists). Note: since I first wrote this guide a few years ago, it has been confirmed that the highly colored red, orange and greens are not natural, but rather yellow labradorite啦 from Mexico and/or Mongolia which has been highly treated by heat and copper diffusion processes - a scandal that is sure to grow.
以南美安第斯山命名的中长石在全世界均有发现。此宝石种类仅限于黄色渐变色。2002-2003年，中长石因被吹嘘其颜色来自于铜而价格高企。这些石头包含有各种颜色，浓烈的红色，绿色，橘红色以及两色之间有渐变色。他们产地不明，（虽没有地质学家证实，风传产自于刚果，中国西藏，蒙古。）注释：自从我在几年前写这篇文章的时候，就已经证实高红、橘、绿色的长石不是自然的，而是墨西哥或蒙古黄色拉长石经过高度加热和铜扩散处理而得的—这种丑闻肯定还会增多。

Andesine (from top): Red-Green with silk, Yellow, Red-Green color shift, Salmon-Green bi-color, Red (in center)
中长石（从上起）：带丝的红绿色，黄色，红绿变色，浅橙色-绿色双色，红色（中间）---警告：根据最近的检测证实本图片中只有黄色的是天然的中长石，其他颜色可能实际上是高度处理增色。市场上非黄色的中长石几乎都是人工颜色优化的，甚至可能根本就不是中长石。

本楼含有高级字体4楼2012-11-03 09:35

-- Warning: based upon recent testing, only the yellow in this picture would be natural andesine, the others probably are actually labradorite which has been highly treated to add the color. Colors other than yellow in "andesine" on the market are almost certainly artificially color-enhanced, and may not even be andesine at all --
Andesine is distinguished from other plagioclase feldspars by its ratio of sodium vs. calcium content (Sodium=50%-70%, Calcium=50%-30%). Andesine has a hardness of 6.0-6.5 on the Mohs scale.
中长石钠钙比（钠50%-70%）硬度6.0-6.5
Anorthite钙长石
Faceted切面 Anorthite gems are usually quite small, and sporadically 零星的偶然的available. Anorthite is distinguished from other plagioclase feldspars by its ratio of sodium vs. calcium content (Sodium=0%-10%, Calcium=100%-90%).
切面钙长石通常非常小，只是零星得见。区别于斜长石的是其钠钙比（钠0%-10%, 钙100%-90%）
Bytownite倍长石
This gem ranges from water-clear to light brown. Most of the current production originates in Mexico. It is also found near Ottawa (aka, "Bytown") in Canada, where it was originally discovered.
这种宝石颜色从水样透明至淡棕色。大部分现有产品源自墨西哥。在加拿大渥太华也有发现，最初是在那里发现的。
These stones are sometimes labeled as Sunstone, Yellow Labradorite or Champagne Labradorite. While not as frequently seen as some other members of the feldspar family, Bytownite is a reasonably priced transparent gem which can be very attractive in jewelry with the right cut.
这些石头有时候贴上太阳石、黄色拉长石或香槟色拉长石标签。它不如长石家族其他成员常见，倍长石是一种价格合理的透明宝石，切割正常的话非常漂**ytownite: Mexico

本楼含有高级字体7楼2012-11-03 09:40

墨西哥倍长石—与斜长石相比其钠钙比为(Sodium=10%-30%, Calcium=90%-70%)
Bytownite is distinguished from other plagioclase feldspars by its ratio of sodium vs. calcium content (Sodium=10%-30%, Calcium=90%-70%).
Heliolite (Sunstone)日长石（太阳石）
Heliolite is the Greek word for Sunstone (Helios=Sun, Lithos=Stone), and both Heliolite and Sunstone are often used as catch-all names for various feldspar, and even non-feldspar, minerals. In the feldspar group, it has been applied to varieties of Oligoclase, Orthoclase and Oregon Sunstone.
日长石在希腊语中同太阳石，日长石和太阳石常被用作各种长石的名称，甚至一些非长石材料也用此名称。在长石组中它被用于各种奥长石、正长石和俄勒冈太阳石。
Hyalophane钡冰长石
Rarely found as clean crystals large enough for faceting, Hyalophane originates in the Balkans. It is occasionally offered as specimens for mineral collectors. Transluscent to opaque, the colors range from colorless to light yellow.
产于巴尔干的钡冰长石很少见到足够大可用于切面的干净晶体。只是偶尔提供给矿标收藏者。它半透明到不透明，颜色从无色到浅黄色。

本楼含有高级字体8楼2012-11-03 09:40

Labradorite拉长石
Most Labradorite which is encountered comes from large deposits in Canada, Finland, Russia, India and Madagascar. Large slabs of the gray variety have been occasionally used for spectacular wainscotting and countertop.
大部分拉长石来自于加拿大、芬兰、俄罗斯、印度和马达加斯加的大沉积层中。其灰色类的大片板层偶见于护墙板材料和台板。

Labradorites (from top): Oregon Sunstone with Copper Schiller, Transparent Yellow (Mexico), Blue Flash (Madagascar)
拉长石（上起）：带铜游彩的俄勒冈太阳石，黄色透明拉长石（墨西哥），马达加斯加蓝闪拉长石
As a gem, Labradorite is usually found cut into cabochons or set as tessarae in mosaic jewels. Opaque to slightly transluscent, the stone itself is usually gray. It is valued for a rolling flash blue, red, green, and yellow - sometimes metallic and sometimes almost opal-like. The Spectrolite from Finland can have especially colorful flashes.
作为宝石，拉长石常见的是磨成素面（蛋面）或做成小块镶嵌式珠宝。这种石头从不透明到半透明，通常为灰色。其价值在于一种旋转的蓝、红、绿、黄闪烁光—有时金属色，有时想欧宝。芬兰产的闪光石（光谱石）具有特别的色闪。
The term Labradorite also encompasses transparent varieties, such as Oregon Sunstone and a more common, but attractive, transparent yellow Sunstone/Labradorite which can be found in California, Canada, Mexico and several other locations.
术语拉长石也包含透明的品种，如俄勒冈太阳石和一种更常见的，但吸引人的产自加利福尼亚、加拿大、墨西哥和其他好几个地方的透明黄色太阳石/拉长石
Labradorite is distinguished from other plagioclase feldspars by its ratio of sodium vs. calcium content (Sodium=30%-50%, Calcium=70%-50%). Labradorite has a hardness of 6.0-6.5 on the Mohs scale.
钠钙比：Sodium=30%-50%, Calcium=70%-50%。硬度6.0-6.5

本楼含有高级字体11楼2012-11-03 09:45

Moonstone月光石
Gems under this name are usually plagioclase feldspar, and Moonstones are the most well-known gems in the feldspar family. They share an irridescent shimmer (known as adularescence). This effect is caused by seams of Albite crystals lying inside the main body (usually Sanidine or Orthoclase). An orthoclase variety known as Peristerite, and a variety of Labradorite are also marketed as "Moonstone."
以月光石命名的宝石通常是斜长石，月光石是长石家族最著名的宝石。他们有彩虹光闪烁（被称作冰长石光彩）。这种效应是主体（通常是透长石或正长石）中钠长石晶体引起的，多种拉长石也在市场上按“月光石”销售。

Moonstone: India印度月光石
The chief source of Moonstone is Sri Lanka, although Moonstone gems can be found in several areas worldwide. Rainbow and Blue Sheen varieties have also come on the market. The more valued tend to be cat's-eyes and those with unusual coloring and transparency.
虽然月光石可见于世界多个地区，月光石的主要来源是斯里兰卡。彩虹和蓝色光泽种类的也曾出现在市场上。更有价值的往往是月光石猫眼和那些有不寻常颜色的和透明的。
The traditional moonstone is a shimmering white. Other colors include beige, yellow, green, blue sheen, grayish and pink varieties).
传统的月光石是闪烁的白月光。其他颜色还有米黄色，黄色，绿色，蓝色光泽，灰色和粉色等种类。
Oligoclase or India Sunstones奥长石或印度太阳石
Traditionally from India and Sri Lanka, these are the most common Sunstone encountered in jewelry, and are what many people recall when the word Sunstone is mentioned. This type is sometimes referred to as aventurine feldspar in the jewelry trade.

本楼含有高级字体12楼2012-11-03 09:45

传统上来自印度和斯里兰卡的太阳石是珠宝中最常见的太阳石，也是一提起太阳石许多人会想到的那种宝石。这一种类在珠宝交易中也被称为日长石。

Oligoclase (from top/left): Cat's Eye, Yellow, India Sunstones, Confetti (Tanzania)
奥长石（上/左起）：猫眼，黄色奥长石，印度太阳石，坦桑尼亚五彩石
Opaque to transluscent varieties are often cut into cabochons or beads. Their chief feature is the sparkling Schiller flaking over the brown to red-orange surface. The Schiller in Oligoclase stones is composed of goethite or iron (hematite or pyrite). The Schiller in Oligoclase Sunstones is much coarser than the nearly microscopic particles of copper Schiller found in the Oregon Sunstone variety of Labradorite (see below). There is a wide variation in India Sunstones, and these can range from quite dull and uninteresting, to very bright and attractive.
不透明至半透明的品种常被切成素面（蛋面）或珠子。它们的主要特点是棕色至橘红色表面闪烁的游彩。其游彩主要包括针铁矿或铁（赤铁矿或黄铁矿）。奥长石太阳石的游彩比拉长石组中的俄勒冈太阳石中的微观铜粒子游彩要粗糙的多（见下图）。印度太阳石差别很大，有的枯燥无趣，有的则明亮引人。
In addition, there are similar gems having hematite Schiller flaking or silk which come from Africa, Russia and other regions which also are labeled as Sunstone - including some cat's-eye and tiger's-eye types, and a very colorful Confetti or Illusion type from Tanzania.
另外，来自非洲、俄罗斯和其他地区的一些有赤铁矿游彩或丝状物的类似宝石也被挂上太阳石的标签—包括一些猫眼、虎眼类的，以及坦桑尼亚的一种五彩缤纷或有幻彩的宝石。
Oligoclase is distinguished from other plagioclase feldspars by its ratio of sodium vs. calcium content (Sodium=70%-90%, Calcium=30%-10%).
奥长石钠钙比Sodium=70%-90%, Calcium=30%-10%
Oregon Sunstone俄勒冈太阳石

本楼含有高级字体15楼2012-11-03 09:52

Oregon Sunstones are generally a transparent, facetable form of Labradorite which display colors coming from copper. However, gems coming from some Oregon Sunstone mines have exhibited slightly more sodium, and less calcium, putting those into the Andesine classification. Few, if any, gemstones come in such a variety of colors and types.
俄勒冈太阳石多为透明可切面的拉长石，因铜至色。然而，来自一些俄勒冈太阳石矿的宝石展示出些许的钠多钙少特性，使其归入中长石类型。但很少见。
While yellows and pinks are most often seen, the saturated, transparent reds have traditionally commanded much higher prices. Scarcer still are green, teal blue, and aqua stones, with intense shades encountered even less often. Another rarity are the dichroic or trichroic gems (which change between 2 or 3 colors respectively as the stone is moved - an effect is also known as pleochroism). Color change gems have also been found, and they are also quite rare. Like Alexandrite, color change sunstones display different colors, depending on the type of light (sunlight, incadescent, etc.).
最常见的是黄和粉色，饱和透明的红色石头历来具有较高的价值。更少见的是绿色、水鸭蓝和水绿色的石头，具有强烈渐变色的更稀有。另一种罕见特性是宝石的两向色性或三相色性（当移动宝石时分别两色至三色间变化—一种叫做多向色性的效果）。人们已经发现了变色宝石，种类稀少。如亚历山大变石和变色太阳石会根据光源的不同（太阳光，白炽灯等）而显示不同颜色。

Oregon Sunstone (from top/left): Bi-Color, Dichroic, Blue-Green, Orange, Pink, Clear. Medium-Red in center.
俄勒冈太阳石（上/左起）：双色，两向色性，蓝绿色，橘色，粉色，透明，中红色(中间)
Many Oregon Sunstones exhibit a metallic flash known as Schiller which is caused by microscopic flecks of copper aligned in layers. The Schiller can be copper orange, red, silver or pink. The Schiller sometimes forms a pattern which flashes only from certain orientations, but is otherwise invisible. The Schiller stones are extremely varied.
许多俄勒冈太阳石呈夹层中铜微粒导致的金属光泽---也称游彩，其游彩可为铜致橘色，红色，银色或粉色。其游彩有时构成一种模式，从某些方向可见，其他方向不可见。带游彩的石头千差万别。

本楼含有高级字体16楼2012-11-03 09:52

Hardness of Oregon Sunstone ranges from 6.5 to 7.2 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for a wider variety of jewelry types, than other, softer, gems in the feldspar family.
6.5 to 7.2 的硬度使得俄勒冈太阳石比长石家族其他软一些的石头更适合做成各种珠宝。
Orthoclase正长石
A colorless to champagne yellow stone, the current chief source for gem-quality Orthoclase is Madagascar, with other deposits distributed worldwide. Transparent gems are sometimes sold as Sunstone or Candlelight Labradorite and can be quite attractive. Opaque to transluscent cat's-eye cabochons are also seen, with silky threads.
作为一种无色至香槟黄色的宝石，目前宝石级正长石主要来自马达加斯加，但在世界各地均有分布。透明的正长石有时被当做太阳石或烛光拉长石卖，非常美丽。还能见到不透明至半透明的带丝线的正长石猫眼蛋面（素面）。

Orthoclase: Brazil巴西正长石
A variety of orthoclase known as Peristerite is sometimes sold as Moonstone. Peristerite also gives a blue shimmer to the granite gem known as Larvikite.
一种叫篮彩钠长石的正长石有时被当做月光石卖。篮彩钠长石有时也会给一种叫歪碱正长岩的花岗岩带来蓝色闪烁光。
Perthite条纹长石
This gem is similar in color and opacity to the related Amazonite, but with prominent webbing or veining (for picture, see the Amazonite topic above). Perthite is sometimes seen labeled as the more well-known Amazonite. Colors range from blue-green to pink to yellowish. Prominent sources are found in the United States (Colorado and Virginia), Norway, Canada, Brazil, India, Madagascar and Zimbabwe.
这种宝石与相关的天河石在颜色和不透明度方面相似，但有突出的带状物和纹理。条纹长石有时可见粘贴更著名的天河石的标签。著名产地为美国，挪威，加拿大，巴西，印度，马达加斯加和津巴布韦。
Sanidine透长石
Somewhat rare in gem quality, deposits exist in Germany and Idaho. The faceted examples I have seen have been a light yellow. Because production has been too low to ensure a steady supply for the jewelry trade, this is mainly a stone for collectors and custom pieces.
透长石很少有宝石级的，产地有德国和爱达荷州。见过的切面样本为浅黄色。因产量不足以保证持续供应，这种石头主要为收藏者提供或作为个人定制品。

Sanidine: Madagascar马达加斯加透长石

本楼含有高级字体18楼2012-11-03 09:54

哎，我的图呢？word文档里的图不能随同文字一起发吗？

19楼2012-11-03 09:56

谁能教我怎样把文档中的图片贴上去啊，拜求大师了

20楼2012-11-03 10:03

学习了！楼主辛苦！

IP属地:山东

来自手机贴吧21楼2012-11-03 10:14

收起回复

22楼2012-11-03 10:38

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