The article by Rosenberg and Ekman (chapter 3) and the first of two articles by Ruch (chapter 4) both sought to determine whether the application of new methodological or analytical techniques could reveal the extent to which facial expression covaries with emotional experience during spontaneous emotional responses. Rosenberg and Ekman induced emotion by showing subjects emotionally evocative films, and then they employed a new rating technique to obtain momentary reports of emotional experience. Analyses focused on evaluating the coherence between expression and emotional reports at several moments throughout an emotional episode. The findings suggest that facial expression and emotional experience are more often congruent than not, and that response cohesion may be mediated by the intensity of the emotional event. Ruch, on the other hand, intercorrelated the facial expression measurements and self-report of cheerfulness in three alcohol conditions. He explored whether the degree of correspondence between these two measures of emotion varied as a function of the type of correlational design. Although the papers employ very different methodologies, they both show that on an intra-individual basis, expression and experience vary together.
The second article by Ruch (chapter 5) examines how the personality dimension of extraversion, one of the major personality dimensions described by Eysenck (1981) and one of the Big-5 trait dimensions (Costa & McCrae, 1985), is manifest in facial expression. Ruch also addressed Eysenck's biopsychological notion that body chemistry and personality are interdependent by examining Eysenck's idea that introverts would show facilitated expressivity during low alcohol consumption. Ruch found that alcohol
Keltner (chapter 6) put comprehensive facial measurement to its ideal use钬撄o uncover a 钬渘ew钬� facial expression of emotion. He described the morphological and temporal characteristics of a facial expression of embarrassment, based on the coding of spontaneous facial behavior shown in a content in which people reported feeling this emotion. Keltner described an embarrassment expression in which a set of facial actions unfold over time. He also provided preliminary evidence that this expression has signal value that distinguishes it from other facial expressions.
Kenneth Craig and Kenneth Prkachin were pioneering researchers in the area of facial expression of pain, and their work has had basic and applied significance. Pain has a large subjective component钬撄here is much less than a one-to-one correspondence between tissue damage and pain reports (Beecher, 1946; Loeser, 1990). Thus, a means for measuring pain behaviorally may have great diagnostic value. Craig and his colleagues (chapter 7) compared spontaneous facial behavior during potentially painful movement exercises in people with chronic low back pain with the behaviors shown when they were asked to 钬渇ake钬� or suppress their expressions during the same painful movement. Their findings suggest there are great similarities between faked and genuine expressions of pain, although the occurrence of certain behaviors may reveal the fake expression. Prkachin (chapter 8) measured facial behavior across a variety of pain contexts and described a set of facial actions consistently associated with pain.
The second article by Ruch (chapter 5) examines how the personality dimension of extraversion, one of the major personality dimensions described by Eysenck (1981) and one of the Big-5 trait dimensions (Costa & McCrae, 1985), is manifest in facial expression. Ruch also addressed Eysenck's biopsychological notion that body chemistry and personality are interdependent by examining Eysenck's idea that introverts would show facilitated expressivity during low alcohol consumption. Ruch found that alcohol
Keltner (chapter 6) put comprehensive facial measurement to its ideal use钬撄o uncover a 钬渘ew钬� facial expression of emotion. He described the morphological and temporal characteristics of a facial expression of embarrassment, based on the coding of spontaneous facial behavior shown in a content in which people reported feeling this emotion. Keltner described an embarrassment expression in which a set of facial actions unfold over time. He also provided preliminary evidence that this expression has signal value that distinguishes it from other facial expressions.
Kenneth Craig and Kenneth Prkachin were pioneering researchers in the area of facial expression of pain, and their work has had basic and applied significance. Pain has a large subjective component钬撄here is much less than a one-to-one correspondence between tissue damage and pain reports (Beecher, 1946; Loeser, 1990). Thus, a means for measuring pain behaviorally may have great diagnostic value. Craig and his colleagues (chapter 7) compared spontaneous facial behavior during potentially painful movement exercises in people with chronic low back pain with the behaviors shown when they were asked to 钬渇ake钬� or suppress their expressions during the same painful movement. Their findings suggest there are great similarities between faked and genuine expressions of pain, although the occurrence of certain behaviors may reveal the fake expression. Prkachin (chapter 8) measured facial behavior across a variety of pain contexts and described a set of facial actions consistently associated with pain.
